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Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Challenge of Political Succession Nehru’s death in 1964 generated a lot of speculation about the question of succession. The 1960s were labelled as the ‘dangerous decade’ due to many challenges and unsolved problems. After the death of Nehru, Lai Bahadur Shastri [...]
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Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 13 India’s External Relations International Context or Relations In post independence period, India faced many challenges to make a strong foreign policy. India shaped its foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and to achieve security through the maintenance of peace. In post [...]
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Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development Political Contestation In a democracy or in a democrative country the final decision must be a political decision, taken by people’s representatives who are in touch with the feelings of the people. After independence, everyone agreed that the development of India will take place [...]
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Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance Challenge of Building Democracy The Election Commission of India was set-up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner. India’s vast size and low literacy rate etc were some of challenges to hold general elections in 1952. Despite these challenges the [...]
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Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building Challenges for the New Nation India became independent in August 1947 immediately after independence, there were three challenges in nation building The first and the immediate challenge was to shape nation that was united, yet accommodative of the diversity existing in the society and [...]
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Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 9 Globalisation Concept of Globalisation Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. Globalisation need not always be positive. It can have negative [...]
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Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 12 Training in Sports Sports Training Training is a process of preparing an individual for any event, activity or job. Usually in sports, we use the term sports training, which denotes the sense of preparing sports persons for the highest level of performance. According to Mathew (1981), “Sports training [...]
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Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 11 Psychology and Sports Sports Psychology and Its Importance The word psychology refers to the study of human behaviour and sports psychology denotes a sub-category of psychology that deals with the behaviour of athletes and teams engaged in competitive sports Sports psychology is important because it. analyses the behaviour [...]
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Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 10 Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports Axes and Planes The body performs movements through a plane and around an axis. Axis An axis is an imaginary line about which the body (or limb) rotates. It can be divided in three parts Frontal Horizontal Axis Axis of the body that passes [...]
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Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 9 Sports Medicine Concept and Definition of Sports Medicine Sports medicine also known as Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is a branch of medicine that specialises in the treatment and prevention of injuries related to participation in sports and/or exercise’. Sports medicine mainly deals with injuries like rotation of [...]